The Ottoman Empire and the international crisis caused by the military mission of Liman von Sanders

Abstract

In 1913, at the request of the Ottoman government, a German military mission arrived on the shores of the Bosphorus to help modernize the Turkish army. The mission, led by General Otto Liman von Sanders, led to serious great-power conflicts. The Entente powers protested that the Germans were gaining decisive influence in Constantinople. Strong joint action forced Berlin to back down and managed to reach a compromise solution. In the months that followed, the Otto